Set up a Gaussian process (GP) term in brms. The function does not evaluate its arguments -- it exists purely to help set up a model with GP terms.
gp(
...,
by = NA,
k = NA,
cov = "exp_quad",
iso = TRUE,
gr = TRUE,
cmc = TRUE,
scale = TRUE,
c = 5/4
)One or more predictors for the GP.
A numeric or factor variable of the same length as each predictor. In the numeric vector case, the elements multiply the values returned by the GP. In the factor variable case, a separate GP is fitted for each factor level.
Optional number of basis functions for computing approximate
GPs. If NA (the default), exact GPs are computed.
Name of the covariance kernel. By default,
the exponentiated-quadratic kernel "exp_quad" is used.
A flag to indicate whether an isotropic (TRUE; the
default) or a non-isotropic GP should be used.
In the former case, the same amount of smoothing is applied to all
predictors. In the latter case, predictors may have different smoothing.
Ignored if only a single predictor is supplied.
Logical; Indicates if auto-grouping should be used (defaults
to TRUE). If enabled, observations sharing the same
predictor values will be represented by the same latent variable
in the GP. This will improve sampling efficiency
drastically if the number of unique predictor combinations is small
relative to the number of observations.
Logical; Only relevant if by is a factor. If TRUE
(the default), cell-mean coding is used for the by-factor, that is
one GP per level is estimated. If FALSE, contrast GPs are estimated
according to the contrasts set for the by-factor.
Logical; If TRUE (the default), predictors are
scaled so that the maximum Euclidean distance between two points
is 1. This often improves sampling speed and convergence.
Scaling also affects the estimated length-scale parameters
in that they resemble those of scaled predictors (not of the original
predictors) if scale is TRUE.
Numeric value only used in approximate GPs. Defines the
multiplicative constant of the predictors' range over which
predictions should be computed. A good default could be c = 5/4
but we are still working on providing better recommendations.
An object of class 'gp_term', which is a list
of arguments to be interpreted by the formula
parsing functions of brms.
A GP is a stochastic process, which describes the relation between one or more predictors \(x = (x_1, ..., x_d)\) and a response \(f(x)\), where \(d\) is the number of predictors. A GP is the generalization of the multivariate normal distribution to an infinite number of dimensions. Thus, it can be interpreted as a prior over functions. The values of \(f( )\) at any finite set of locations are jointly multivariate normal, with a covariance matrix defined by the covariance kernel \(k_p(x_i, x_j)\), where \(p\) is the vector of parameters of the GP: $$(f(x_1), \ldots f(x_n) \sim MVN(0, (k_p(x_i, x_j))_{i,j=1}^n) .$$ The smoothness and general behavior of the function \(f\) depends only on the choice of covariance kernel. For a more detailed introduction to Gaussian processes, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_process.
Below, we describe the currently supported covariance kernels:
"exp_quad": The exponentiated-quadratic kernel is defined as \(k(x_i, x_j) = sdgp^2 \exp(- || x_i - x_j ||^2 / (2 lscale^2))\), where \(|| . ||\) is the Euclidean norm, \(sdgp\) is a standard deviation parameter, and \(lscale\) is characteristic length-scale parameter. The latter practically measures how close two points \(x_i\) and \(x_j\) have to be to influence each other substantially.
In the current implementation, "exp_quad" is the only supported
covariance kernel. More options will follow in the future.
if (FALSE) {
# simulate data using the mgcv package
dat <- mgcv::gamSim(1, n = 30, scale = 2)
# fit a simple GP model
fit1 <- brm(y ~ gp(x2), dat, chains = 2)
summary(fit1)
me1 <- conditional_effects(fit1, ndraws = 200, spaghetti = TRUE)
plot(me1, ask = FALSE, points = TRUE)
# fit a more complicated GP model
fit2 <- brm(y ~ gp(x0) + x1 + gp(x2) + x3, dat, chains = 2)
summary(fit2)
me2 <- conditional_effects(fit2, ndraws = 200, spaghetti = TRUE)
plot(me2, ask = FALSE, points = TRUE)
# fit a multivariate GP model
fit3 <- brm(y ~ gp(x1, x2), dat, chains = 2)
summary(fit3)
me3 <- conditional_effects(fit3, ndraws = 200, spaghetti = TRUE)
plot(me3, ask = FALSE, points = TRUE)
# compare model fit
loo(fit1, fit2, fit3)
# simulate data with a factor covariate
dat2 <- mgcv::gamSim(4, n = 90, scale = 2)
# fit separate gaussian processes for different levels of 'fac'
fit4 <- brm(y ~ gp(x2, by = fac), dat2, chains = 2)
summary(fit4)
plot(conditional_effects(fit4), points = TRUE)
}